1 Introduction

Crustaceans are integral to aquatic food webs, serving as both predators and prey. They contribute to nutrient cycling and are vital for the functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. The study of crustaceans in the context of climate change is essential due to their sensitivity to environmental changes, such as temperature fluctuations and ocean acidification. These changes can affect their physiology, distribution, and survival, making them excellent indicators of ecosystem health (Kelly et al., 2012).

Climate change is causing significant shifts in marine and freshwater ecosystems, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and altered salinity levels are some of the critical stressors affecting these environments. These changes can lead to habitat loss, altered species interactions, and shifts in species distributions, posing a threat to the stability of aquatic ecosystems (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021).

Genomic studies provide valuable insights into the adaptive potential of crustaceans facing climate change. By examining genetic variation and identifying genes associated with environmental tolerance, researchers can better understand how crustaceans adapt to changing conditions. Genomic tools, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and transcriptomics, have been instrumental in identifying candidate genes involved in thermal tolerance and other adaptive traits (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020; Li et al., 2021; Choquet et al., 2023). These studies highlight the importance of genetic diversity and the role of genomic islands of divergence in facilitating rapid adaptation (Cheng et al., 2019).

This study attempts to integrate current genomic research on the adaptation of crustaceans to climate change, identifying key genetic mechanisms and adaptation strategies. By summarizing the findings of different studies and comprehensively analyzing the genomic basis of crustacean adaptability, it is expected to emphasize the potential application of genomics research in the formulation of conservation strategies and predict the future response of crustacean populations to sustained environmental changes.

2 Climate Change Stressors Affecting Crustaceans

2.1 Rising ocean temperatures and thermal stress

Rising ocean temperatures pose a significant threat to crustaceans, impacting their thermal tolerance and adaptive capacity. Studies on the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus reveal that local adaptation to temperature is pronounced, with limited potential for further adaptation to increasing temperatures. This is evidenced by the lack of increased thermal tolerance after several generations of selection, indicating that existing genetic variation may be insufficient to cope with future thermal stress (Kelly et al., 2012). Similarly, the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas demonstrates rapid adaptation to temperature changes, facilitated by a genomic island of divergence that correlates with cold tolerance. This adaptation is crucial for the species' survival across diverse thermal environments, highlighting the role of genetic mechanisms in thermal stress resilience (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020).

The Antarctic krill Euphausia superba also faces challenges due to rising temperatures, as it exhibits low genetic variation and evolutionary rates, suggesting limited adaptive potential to rapid climate change. This lack of genetic diversity may hinder the species' ability to cope with thermal stress, potentially affecting its survival and distribution in warming oceans (Choquet et al., 2023). These findings underscore the importance of understanding genetic adaptation and plasticity in crustaceans to predict their responses to climate-induced thermal stress.

2.2 Ocean acidification and its effects on shell formation

Ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO₂ levels, affects crustaceans by altering the availability of carbonate ions necessary for shell formation. The estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis provides insights into how genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity contribute to adaptation under such conditions. The species exhibits strong selection signals in genes responding to salinity and temperature stress, which are crucial for maintaining shell integrity in acidified waters (Li et al., 2021). This genetic adaptation is vital for the survival of crustaceans in environments where ocean chemistry is rapidly changing.

Moreover, the evolutionary genomics of species' responses to climate change highlights the need for integrating genetic data into models predicting species' responses to ocean acidification. By understanding the genetic basis of adaptation, researchers can better predict how crustaceans will cope with changes in ocean chemistry, which is essential for developing conservation strategies (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021). These studies emphasize the critical role of genomic research in addressing the challenges posed by ocean acidification on crustacean shell formation.

2.3 Hypoxia and low oxygen environments

Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, is another stressor affecting crustaceans, particularly in deep-sea environments. The squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, inhabiting both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, provides a model for studying adaptation to hypoxic conditions. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that stress response and immune-related genes are up-regulated in hydrothermal vent populations, suggesting that these genetic adaptations are crucial for surviving in low oxygen environments (Cheng et al., 2019). This genetic resilience is essential for crustaceans living in habitats where oxygen levels are variable and often depleted.

The ability of crustaceans to adapt to hypoxia is also linked to their evolutionary history and genetic diversity. Species with low genetic variation, such as the Antarctic krill, may struggle to adapt to hypoxic conditions, potentially leading to population declines (Choquet et al., 2023). Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying hypoxia tolerance is vital for predicting the impacts of climate change on crustacean populations and their ecosystems.

2.4 Salinity changes and their impact on osmoregulation

Salinity changes, driven by climate change, affect crustaceans' osmoregulatory abilities, which are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis demonstrates how genetic adaptation to salinity stress is facilitated by the expansion of solute carrier gene families, which play a significant role in osmoregulation (Li et al., 2021). This genetic adaptation is essential for crustaceans inhabiting estuarine and coastal environments where salinity levels fluctuate.

The evolutionary genomics of species' responses to climate change further highlights the importance of considering genetic adaptation in response to salinity changes. By incorporating genomic data into predictive models, researchers can better understand how crustaceans will respond to altered salinity regimes, which is critical for their conservation and management (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021). These insights underscore the need for comprehensive genomic studies to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms underlying osmoregulation in crustaceans.

2.5 Extreme weather events and habitat disruptions

Extreme weather events, such as storms and hurricanes, can lead to habitat disruptions that impact crustacean populations. These events can cause physical damage to habitats, alter food availability, and increase exposure to predators. The ability of crustaceans to adapt to such disruptions is influenced by their genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. For instance, species with high genetic variation and adaptive potential, like the invasive green crab, may be better equipped to cope with habitat changes induced by extreme weather (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020).

Conversely, species with limited genetic diversity, such as the Antarctic krill, may face greater challenges in adapting to habitat disruptions, potentially leading to population declines (Choquet et al., 2023). Understanding the genetic basis of adaptation to extreme weather events is crucial for predicting the resilience of crustacean populations and developing effective conservation strategies. Integrating genomic data into climate models can enhance predictions of how crustaceans will respond to habitat disruptions, ultimately aiding in their preservation in a changing climate.

3 Genomic Mechanisms Underlying Crustacean Adaptation

3.1 Genetic variability and adaptive potential in crustacean populations

Genetic variability is a cornerstone of adaptive potential in crustacean populations, allowing them to respond to environmental changes such as climate change. In the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus, studies have shown significant local adaptation to temperature, with limited genetic variation within populations for thermal tolerance. This suggests that while some populations have adapted to specific thermal conditions, their overall capacity for further adaptation is constrained by the existing genetic variability (Kelly et al., 2012). Similarly, research on the invasive green crab, Carcinus maenas, has identified a genomic island of divergence associated with temperature adaptation, indicating that even in species with high dispersal potential, local adaptation can occur rapidly in response to environmental pressures (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020).

In contrast, the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba exhibits lower genetic variation and slower rates of adaptive evolution compared to other krill species, which may limit its adaptive potential to rapid climate change. This highlights the importance of genetic diversity in enabling species to cope with changing environments and suggests that species with limited genetic variability may be at greater risk under climate change scenarios (Choquet et al., 2023). These findings underscore the need for conservation strategies that maintain or enhance genetic diversity to support the adaptive potential of crustacean populations.

3.2 The Role of Epigenetics in Climate Adaptation

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, play a crucial role in the adaptation of crustaceans to climate change by regulating gene expression in response to environmental stressors. In the estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis, strong selection signals were detected in genes responding to temperature and salinity stress, with evidence of selection favoring plasticity in upstream regulatory regions that modulate transcription (Li et al., 2021). This suggests that epigenetic modifications can enhance phenotypic plasticity, allowing organisms to adjust to rapidly changing environments without requiring genetic changes.

Moreover, the study of Shinkaia crosnieri, a deep-sea squat lobster, revealed that stress response and immune-related genes were differentially expressed between populations inhabiting hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. This differential gene expression, potentially mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, indicates that epigenetic regulation may facilitate adaptation to diverse and extreme environments by enabling rapid and reversible changes in gene expression (Cheng et al., 2019). These insights highlight the potential of epigenetic mechanisms to contribute to the resilience of crustacean species facing climate change.

3.3 Evolutionary selection and genomic signatures of adaptation

Evolutionary selection leaves distinct genomic signatures that can be used to identify adaptive traits in crustaceans. In the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas, a cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with temperature adaptation was identified as a potential genomic island of divergence. This cluster showed a significant enrichment of coding substitutions, suggesting that it plays a critical role in the crab's ability to adapt to varying thermal conditions (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020). Such genomic signatures provide valuable insights into the specific genetic changes that underlie adaptation to environmental stressors.

Similarly, in the world ocean krill, comparative genomics has uncovered candidate genes with signatures of adaptive evolution, particularly in species endemic to cold environments like the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. These genes are involved in thermal reception and other cold-adaptation processes, indicating parallel genetic responses to similar selection pressures across Antarctic taxa (Choquet et al., 2023). These findings demonstrate how evolutionary selection can shape the genomic landscape of crustaceans, enabling them to survive and thrive in changing climates.

3.4 Gene Expression Responses to Environmental Stressors

Gene expression responses are a key component of crustacean adaptation to environmental stressors, allowing organisms to modulate their physiological processes in response to changing conditions. In the deep-sea squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, transcriptomic analyses revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes between populations from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. These genes, particularly those associated with stress response and immunity, were up-regulated in hydrothermal vent populations, suggesting an enhanced capability to manage environmental stresses (Cheng et al., 2019).

In the estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis, genes exhibiting high plasticity showed strong selection in regulatory regions, indicating that gene expression modulation is a critical adaptive strategy. This plasticity allows for rapid adjustments to environmental changes, such as fluctuations in temperature and salinity, which are common in estuarine environments (Li et al., 2021). These examples illustrate the importance of gene expression changes in facilitating crustacean adaptation to diverse and dynamic environmental conditions, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in shaping adaptive responses.

4 Key Genomic Pathways Involved in Environmental Adaptation

4.1 Heat shock proteins and thermal tolerance

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a crucial role in the thermal tolerance of crustaceans, acting as molecular chaperones that help maintain protein stability under stress conditions. In the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus, local adaptation to temperature is evident, with significant genetic variation in thermal tolerance observed across different populations. This suggests that HSPs may be involved in the limited potential for adaptation to increasing temperatures, as heat-tolerant phenotypes in low-latitude populations cannot be achieved in high-latitude populations through acclimation or selection (Kelly et al., 2012). Similarly, in the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas, rapid adaptation to temperature changes is facilitated by genomic islands of divergence, which may include genes related to HSPs, contributing to the species' thermal physiology and invasive success (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020).

The role of HSPs in thermal tolerance is further supported by studies on Antarctic krill, where genetic variation and adaptive protein evolution are linked to cold adaptation. Genes governing thermal reception, such as TrpA1, have been identified as candidates for cold adaptation, indicating that HSPs and related pathways are crucial for survival in extreme temperatures (Choquet et al., 2023). These findings highlight the importance of HSPs in enabling crustaceans to cope with thermal stress, although the extent of their adaptive potential may vary among species and populations.

4.2 Ion transport and osmoregulation mechanisms

Ion transport and osmoregulation are vital for crustaceans to maintain homeostasis in fluctuating salinity environments. In the estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis, strong selection signals have been detected in genes responding to salinity stress, particularly within the expanded solute carrier families. This gene expansion is indicative of the significant role ion transport plays in environmental adaptation, allowing these organisms to thrive in diverse salinity conditions. The genetic basis of osmoregulation is also evident in the genomic analysis of the green crab, where SNPs associated with temperature and salinity tolerance suggest a complex interplay between ion transport mechanisms and environmental adaptation (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020).

These mechanisms are further exemplified in the deep-sea squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, which inhabits both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Transcriptomic analyses reveal differentially expressed genes related to ion transport and osmoregulation, enabling the species to adapt to the distinct chemical environments of these habitats (Cheng et al., 2019). The ability to regulate ion transport effectively is crucial for crustaceans facing climate-induced changes in their habitats, underscoring the importance of these pathways in their adaptive strategies.

4.3 Chitin and calcification pathways in response to acidification

Chitin and calcification pathways are essential for crustaceans to maintain their exoskeleton integrity, particularly in response to ocean acidification. The genomic insights from various crustacean species suggest that these pathways are under selective pressure due to changing pH levels in marine environments. For instance, the estuarine oyster exhibits gene expansion and selection in pathways related to shell formation, which may enhance its ability to cope with acidification (Li et al., 2021). This adaptation is crucial for maintaining structural integrity and survival in acidifying oceans.

In the context of climate change, the calcification process in crustaceans is particularly vulnerable, as it relies on the availability of carbonate ions, which are reduced in acidified waters. The evolutionary genomics of species' responses to climate change highlights the need for further research into how these pathways can be supported or enhanced to mitigate the impacts of acidification on crustacean populations (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021). Understanding the genetic basis of chitin and calcification pathways will be critical for predicting and managing the resilience of crustacean species in future ocean conditions.

4.4 Stress response and immune system adaptations

Crustaceans have evolved complex stress response and immune system adaptations to survive in challenging environments. The deep-sea squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri demonstrates significant upregulation of stress response and immune-related genes, allowing it to manage environmental stresses in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (Cheng et al., 2019). These adaptations are crucial for coping with the high-pressure, low-oxygen conditions typical of deep-sea ecosystems.

In addition, the genomic analysis of the estuarine oyster reveals strong selection in genes related to stress response, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity in environmental adaptation (Li et al., 2021). This plasticity is essential for crustaceans to respond to rapid environmental changes, such as those induced by climate change. The integration of stress response and immune system pathways into adaptive strategies is vital for the survival of crustaceans in increasingly variable and extreme environments.

5 Case Study: Adaptation of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus) to Warming Waters

5.1 Background on the species and its economic importance

The American lobster (Homarus americanus) is a key species in the marine ecosystems of the Northwestern Atlantic and holds significant economic value as one of the most lucrative fisheries in the region. This species is not only a staple in the seafood industry but also plays a crucial role in the ecological balance of its habitat (Harrington et al., 2020). The lobster's range is experiencing rapid environmental changes, including increased ocean temperatures and acidification, which pose challenges to its survival and distribution (Niemisto et al., 2020). Understanding the genetic and physiological adaptations of the American lobster to these changes is essential for ensuring the sustainability of its populations and the economic stability of the fisheries that depend on it (Jane et al., 2024).

5.2 Genomic studies on thermal tolerance and heat stress responses

Recent genomic studies have provided insights into the thermal tolerance and heat stress responses of the American lobster. Research has shown that exposure to elevated temperatures significantly alters the transcriptome of developing postlarval lobsters, indicating a shift in gene expression related to immune response and metabolism (Harrington et al., 2020). These changes suggest a potential trade-off between maintaining immune defenses and sustaining increased physiological rates under warming conditions, which could impact post-settlement survival (Harrington et al., 2020). Additionally, studies have identified specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with thermal adaptation, highlighting the genetic basis for the lobster's ability to cope with rising sea temperatures (Benestan et al., 2016).

5.3 Observed genetic adaptations in wild populations

Genetic analyses of wild American lobster populations have revealed significant findings regarding their adaptation to environmental changes. Landscape genomics studies have identified adaptive genetic variations that allow for the detection of fine-scale population structures, which are not apparent through neutral genetic variations alone (Dorant et al., 2022). These adaptive variations are crucial for understanding how lobsters are responding to thermal stress and other environmental pressures. Moreover, seascape genomics has provided evidence for thermal adaptation, with certain SNPs being linked to genes involved in thermal stress responses, further supporting the notion that wild populations are undergoing genetic changes to better withstand warming waters (Benestan et al., 2016).

5.4 Conservation and fisheries management implications

The genomic insights into the adaptation of the American lobster to climate change have significant implications for conservation and fisheries management. Understanding the genetic structure and adaptive capacity of lobster populations can inform the delineation of biological management units, which is essential for sustainable fisheries management (Dorant et al., 2022). The identification of genetic markers associated with thermal tolerance can aid in predicting how lobster populations will respond to future climate scenarios, allowing for more targeted conservation efforts (Benestan et al., 2016). Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of considering genetic diversity and adaptive potential in management strategies to ensure the resilience of lobster populations in the face of ongoing environmental changes (Jane et al., 2024).

6 Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Insights Across Crustacean Species

6.1 Lessons from model crustacean species

Model crustacean species provide valuable insights into the genomic basis of adaptation to climate change. For instance, the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus has been studied to understand local adaptation to temperature. Research indicates that these copepods exhibit significant local adaptation, with limited potential for further adaptation to increasing temperatures due to depleted standing genetic variation (Kelly et al., 2012). Similarly, the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas demonstrates rapid adaptation to temperature changes, facilitated by a genomic island of divergence that correlates with cold tolerance across different populations (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020). These studies highlight the importance of genetic diversity and specific genomic regions in facilitating adaptation to environmental changes.

In addition to these findings, the estuarine oyster Crassostrea ariakensis has shown that genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity play crucial roles in adaptation. The oyster's genome reveals low diversity but strong selection signals in genes related to temperature and salinity stress, suggesting that gene expansion and selection enhance phenotypic plasticity, which is critical for adaptation to rapidly changing environments (Li et al., 2021). These model species underscore the complex interplay between genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and environmental adaptation in crustaceans.

6.2 Phylogenetic approaches to understanding adaptive evolution

Phylogenetic approaches provide a framework for understanding the evolutionary history and adaptive potential of crustaceans. Comparative genomics of krill species across various oceans has revealed phylogenetic interrelationships and genomic evidence of adaptive evolution. For example, Antarctic krill exhibit lower genetic variation and evolutionary rates compared to other species, suggesting a limited adaptive potential to rapid climate change (Choquet et al., 2023). This phylogenetic insight is crucial for predicting how different species might respond to environmental pressures.

Furthermore, the use of landscape genomic data and climate models has advanced the understanding of local genetic adaptation in response to climate change. These approaches incorporate evolutionary processes such as gene flow and population dispersal, which are critical for predicting species' responses to climate change (Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021). By integrating phylogenetic and genomic data, researchers can better assess the adaptive potential of crustaceans and develop more accurate models for predicting their responses to environmental changes.

6.3 Convergent vs. divergent adaptation strategies among crustaceans

Crustaceans exhibit both convergent and divergent adaptation strategies in response to climate change. Convergent adaptation is observed in species like the Antarctic krill and Antarctic fish, where similar genetic responses to cold adaptation pressures have been identified, such as genes governing thermal reception (Choquet et al., 2023). This suggests that different species may develop similar genetic adaptations when faced with comparable environmental challenges.

On the other hand, divergent adaptation strategies are evident in species like the deep-sea squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, which inhabits both hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. This species shows differentially expressed genes related to stress response and immunity, indicating divergent adaptation strategies to cope with the distinct environmental stresses of these habitats (Cheng et al., 2019). These findings highlight the diverse strategies crustaceans employ to adapt to their environments, driven by both shared and unique evolutionary pressures.

7 Conservation and Management Implications of Genomic Findings

7.1 Predicting population vulnerability to climate change

Genomic insights have significantly enhanced our ability to predict the vulnerability of crustacean populations to climate change. Studies have shown that genetic variation within species is crucial for adaptation to changing environments. For instance, the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus exhibits strong local adaptation to temperature, with limited potential for further adaptation due to depleted genetic variation in thermal tolerance (Kelly et al., 2012). Similarly, Antarctic krill species show low genetic variation and adaptive potential, suggesting a heightened vulnerability to rapid climate changes (Choquet et al., 2023). These findings underscore the importance of considering genetic diversity and local adaptation when assessing the resilience of crustacean populations to climate change.

Moreover, the integration of genomic data into species distribution models can improve predictions of species' responses to climate change. Traditional models often overlook evolutionary processes such as gene flow and local adaptation, which are critical for accurate predictions (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021). By incorporating genomic data, researchers can better estimate the adaptive potential of species and identify populations at greater risk of extinction due to climate change. This approach can guide conservation efforts by highlighting populations that require immediate attention and management interventions.

7.2 Assisted Evolution and Selective Breeding Strategies

Assisted evolution and selective breeding strategies offer promising avenues for enhancing the resilience of crustacean populations to climate change. Genomic studies have identified specific genetic markers associated with thermal tolerance and other adaptive traits, which can be targeted in breeding programs. For example, the European green crab Carcinus maenas has shown rapid adaptation to temperature changes through a genomic island of divergence, indicating potential targets for selective breeding (Tepolt and Palumbi, 2020). By selecting individuals with favorable genetic traits, it is possible to enhance the adaptive capacity of populations to withstand environmental changes.

Furthermore, the identification of genes associated with stress response and immunity in deep-sea crustaceans like Shinkaia crosnieri provides additional targets for assisted evolution (Cheng et al., 2019). These genes can be manipulated to improve the resilience of crustaceans to extreme environmental conditions. However, the success of such strategies depends on a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of adaptation and the potential trade-offs involved. Therefore, ongoing genomic research is essential to inform and refine these approaches, ensuring they are effective and sustainable in the long term.

7.3 Policy recommendations for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture

The integration of genomic findings into policy frameworks is crucial for the sustainable management of fisheries and aquaculture. Genomic data can inform the development of policies that promote genetic diversity and adaptive potential in crustacean populations. For instance, policies could be designed to protect genetically diverse populations and habitats that serve as reservoirs of adaptive potential (Li et al., 2021). Additionally, genomic insights can guide the establishment of marine protected areas that encompass critical habitats for genetically distinct populations, thereby enhancing their resilience to climate change.

Moreover, genomic data can support the development of sustainable aquaculture practices by identifying genetic traits that enhance growth, disease resistance, and environmental tolerance. This information can be used to optimize breeding programs and improve the sustainability of aquaculture operations. Policymakers should also consider the potential impacts of climate change on genetic diversity and incorporate adaptive management strategies that account for these changes. By aligning policy with genomic research, it is possible to enhance the sustainability and resilience of crustacean fisheries and aquaculture in the face of climate change.

7.4 Integrating genomic data into climate adaptation models

Integrating genomic data into climate adaptation models represents a significant advancement in predicting and managing the impacts of climate change on crustacean populations. Genomic data provide insights into the adaptive potential of species, which can be incorporated into models to improve their accuracy and predictive power. For example, the inclusion of genomic data in species distribution models can account for local adaptation and genetic diversity, leading to more reliable predictions of species' responses to climate change (Waldvogel et al., 2020; Aguirre-Liguori et al., 2021).

This integration requires the development of new methodologies and data collection strategies to capture the genetic and ecological diversity of crustacean species. By combining genomic data with ecological and environmental information, researchers can create comprehensive models that consider multiple factors influencing species' survival and adaptation. These models can inform conservation strategies and management decisions, helping to prioritize actions that enhance the resilience of crustacean populations to climate change. As genomic technologies continue to advance, their integration into climate adaptation models will become increasingly important for effective conservation and management efforts.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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